PETROLEUM

Petroleum is also dubbed as the black gold, is a thick liquid, dark brown or greenish flammable, which is in the upper layers of the few areas in the earth's crust. Petroleum consists of a complex mixture of different hydrocarbons, the majority of the alkane series, but vary in appearance, composition, and purity. Oil extracted from oil wells in the oil mines. Location of the wells is obtained after going through the process of geological studies, sediment analysis, and the structure of the source code, and various studies lainnya.Setelah, the Earth will be processed in oil refineries where oil and split the results based on the boiling point to produce a wide range of fuels, from gasoline and kerosene to asphalt and other chemical reagents needed to make plastics and pesticides obatan.Minyak Earth used to produce a wide range of goods and material human needs.

Petroleum Establishment

The process of petroleum formation is described by two theories, namely:
Inorganic Theory

Inorganic theory proposed by Berthelok (1866) which states that petroleum derived and the reaction of calcium carbide, CaC2 (and the reaction between carbonate rocks and alkali metals) and water produces acetylene which can be turned into oil at high temperature and pressure.

Alkali → CaC2 CaCO3 + HO + HC = CH → → Petroleum

Theory of Organic
Organic theory proposed by Engker (1911) which states that petroleum is formed from the weathering and decomposition of anaerobic micro-organisms (microorganisms) from marine plants in porous rocks.


Composition of Petroleum
The composition of petroleum are classified into four groups, namely:

Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes)

* Known as alkanes or paraffin
* The presence of straight-chain as the main component (the highest), while the less branched chain
* Compounds authors include:

1. Methane CH4
2. ethane CH3 CH3
3. propane CH3 CH2 CH3
4. butane CH3 (CH2) 2 CH3
5. n-heptane, CH3 (CH2) 5 CH3
6. iso octane CH3 - C (CH 3) 2 CH 2 CH (CH3) 2

Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes)
* Known as alkenes
* Its existence is only slightly
Compounds constituent:

1. Ethene, CH2 CH2
2. Propene, CH 3 CH 2 CH
3. Butene, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH

Cyclic saturated hydrocarbon chain (cycloalkanes)

* Known as cycloalkanes or naftena
* Existence less than alkanes
* Compounds constituent:

1.Siklopropana
2.Siklobutana
3. Cyclopentane
4. Siklopheksana

Aromatic hydrocarbons

* Known as a series of aromatic
* Its existence as a minor component / bit
* Compound formulation:

1.Naftalena
2.Antrasena
3. Benzene
4. Toluene

Other Compounds

* Existence is very little
* Compounds that may be present in petroleum is sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and organo metallic (very small)

Petroleum Processing
Crude oil gained from drilling a thick black liquid that utilization should be processed first. Petroleum drilling in Indonesia, located on the north coast of Java (Cepu, Wonokromo, Cirebon), Sumatra (Aceh, Riau), Kalimantan (Tarakan, Balikpapan) and Irian (Papua). Petroleum processing via two stages, including:

First Processing,
At this stage do "distillation separates stratified petroleum fractions based on boiling point. Components of a higher boiling point will remain a liquid and drops down. While a lower boiling point will evaporate and rise to the top through sangkup-sangkup called sangkup bubble.

Secondary treatment,
At this stage a further process refined stratified by the following process:

1. Cracking
2. Extraction
3. Crystallization
4. cleanup of contamination


Gasoline
Gasoline composition of n - heptane and iso-octane, namely:

Substance Gasoline Additive

Tetra Ethyl Leat (TEL)

* The molecular formula Pb (C2H5) 4
* The formula

Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (ETBE)

* The molecular formula CH 3 OC (CH3) 3Tersier Amil Methyl Ether (TAME)

* The molecular formula CH 3 OC (CH3) 2 C2H5Metir Buthil Tertiary Ether (MTBE)

* The molecular formula CH3 O C (CH3) 3

Petrochemicals

Other than petroleum as a fuel as well as materials for the chemical industry is important in everyday life. Materials or products made from basic ingredients of oil and gas are called petrochemicals. Petrochemical materials can be classified: plastics, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, pesticides, detergents, solvents, fertilizers, various types of drugs and vitamins.

Petrochemical process generally through three stages, namely:

1. Change the oil and gas into petrochemical ingredients
2. Changing the basic petrochemical materials into intermediate products, and
3. Changing the intermediate products into final products that can be utilized.

Almost all petrochemical products derived from the three basic types of materials, namely:

1. Olefin (alkene-alkene)
Olefin is the most important ethene (etilina), propene (propylene), butene (butylene) and butadiene.

CH2 = CH2 CH2 = CH - CH3

Ethylene propylene

CH3 - CH = CH - CH3 CH2 = CH - CH = CH2

Butylene butadiene

2. Aromatic (benzene and its derivatives)
Aromatic most important is benzene (C6H6), totuena (C6H5CH3) and xylene (C6H4 (CH3) 2

3. Synthesis Gas
Synthetic gas called syn-gas which is a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2). Syn-gas made from natural gas or LPG reaction through a process called reforming or partial oxidation stean.

Stean reforming reaction: CH4 (g) + H2O → CO (g) + 3H2 (g)

Partial oxidation reaction: 2CH4 (g) + O2 → 2CO (g) + 4H2 (g)

Petrochemicals from Olefins

Here are some of the petrochemical ethylene olefin with basic ingredients:

1. Polyethylene
Polyethylene is the most widely produced plastic are used as plastic bags and plastic wrappers / trash.

2. PVC
PVC is a plastic that is polivinilkiorida pipe makers (pralon).

3. Ethanol
Ethanol is an everyday material we know as the alcohol used for fuel or among other products.

Alcohol is made from ethylene:

CH2 = CH2 + H2O → CH3 - CH2OH

4. Ethylene glycol or glycols
Glycol is used as an antifreeze in a car radiator in cold climates.

Here are some of the petrochemical olefins with propylene base material.

5. Polypropylene
Polypropylene plastic is stronger than polyethylene. Type of polypropylene plastic used for plastic bags and a plastic strap.

6. Glycerol
This substance is used as an ingredient in cosmetics (moisturizers), the food industry and the materials to make explosives (nitroglycerine)

7. Isopropyl alcohol
This substance is used as the main material for petrochemical products such as acetone (a solvent, for example, to dissolve Kutek)

Petrochemical manufacturing using basic materials such as butadiene synthetic rubber is SBR (styrene-butadilena-rubber) and nylon -6.6, while those using the basic ingredients are isobutylene MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether)

Petrochemicals from Aromatic

The basic ingredients are the most important aromatics are benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX). The basic ingredients are generally converted into styrene benzene, cumene, and cyclohexane

1. Styrene is used to make rubber sinetik
2. Cumene is used to make phenol, then phenol to make the adhesive
3. Cyclohexane is used primarily for making nylon
4. Benzene is used as a raw material for making detergents. The basic ingredients for toluene and xylene to make explosives (TNT), terephthalic acid (fiber fabric).

Petrochemical and gas-sinetik

Sinetik gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Several petrochemical examples of syn-gas as follows:

1. Ammonia (NH3)

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)

Nitrogen gas from the air and hydrogen gas from the syn-gas. Ammonia is used to make fertilizer [CO (NH2) 2] urea, [(NH4) 2SO4]; ZA and (NH4NO3), ammonium nitrate.

2. Urea [CO (NH2) 2]

CO2 (g) + 2NH3 (g) → NH2COH4 (S)

NH2CONH4 (S) → CO (NH2) 2 (s) + H2O (g)

3. Methanol (CH3OH)

CO (g) + 2H3 (g) → CH3OH (g)

Most of the methanol is converted to formal-dehida and some are used to make fiber and fuel mixtures.

4. Formal dehida (HCHO)

CH3OH (g) → HCHO (g) + H2 (g)

Formal dehida in water known as formalin used to preserve biological preparations.