Molecules of organic compounds can be thought of as a hydrocarbon molecule in which one or more atoms of hydrogen (H) atoms replaced by a new one (other than C) or groups of atoms (clusters). Such molecules referred to as derivatives of hydrocarbons and atom-atom or group that replaces H referred to as the functional groups of molecules of ethane (CH3-CH3) is replaced with a functional group-OH CH3-CH2OH is referred to as alcohol.
Functional Groups are groups that can determine the nature of a substitute for carbon compounds.
- Alkanol (Alcohol) R-OH
* Manufacture:
Alkyl halides Bases + -> + alkanol halide compounds
* Nomenclature alkanol
1. Main chain is the longest chain containing the OH group
2. OH group must be the smallest number
2. alkoxy alkanes (ether) R-OR '
* Manufacture:
Williamson synthesis:
Alkanoic Sodium Alkyl halide + -> + Alkanes alkoxy Sodium Halides
* Alkoxy alkane nomenclature
1. If the alkyl group is different, so that C is small as alkoxy.
2. Alkoxy group in the smallest number
3. Alkanal (aldehyde) R-COH
* Construction:
Oxidation of primary alkanol
formic acid alkyl esters with Grignard reagents
* Nomenclature:
Cluster CHO always calculated as the number one
4. alkanon (ketones) R-COR '
* manufacture:
oxidation of secondary alkanol
* Nomenclature Alkanon:
1. Longest chain with kabonil CO group is the major chains.
2. CO group must be the smallest number
5. alkanoic acids (carboxylic acids) R-COOH
* manufacture:
hydrolysis of alkyl alkanoic
oxidation of primary alkanol
* Alkanoic acid nomenclature:
COOH group is always the number one.
6. alkyl alkanoic (ester)
* manufacture:
alkanoic acid esterification is the reaction of the alkanol
* alkanoic acid nomenclature
Cluster alkilnya always bonded to O
My problem is why the alkanoic acid C atoms the more its the higher melting point?
BalasHapushello eka :D well .. I will answer your problem about why alkanoic acid C atom higher melting point? alkanols and alkanoic acids have higher melting and boiling points compared with their parent alkanes. It is also apparent that the rise in melting and boiling points is greatest for the alkanoic acid molecules. Alkanoic acids have greater molar weights than their equivalent alkanols or alkanes and thus the dispersion forces between their molecules are also greater. Alkanoic acids are usually slightly more polar than alkanols and thus the dipole–dipole forces are greater. When an alkanol and an alkanoic acid of the same molar weight are compared, the alkanoic acid has the higher melting point or boiling point. This is mainly due to the more extensive hydrogen bonding between alkanoic acid molecules. As the carbon chain lengthens, the increasing dispersion forces dominate and there is a general trend of increasing boiling point with increasing molar weight.
HapusIam trying to answer your question. The bonding between C's atoms are strong, to cut the bonding off, it needs certain big energy, the more C's atom in it, the more the bond between them so the more energy needed. So the boiling point will increase appropriate with the sum of C's atom
BalasHapusi try to answer ur question
BalasHapusCarboxylic acid has a high boiling point because it can form strong hydrogen bonds.
Boiling point of carboxylic acids is relatively high compared to alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones with a relative molecular mass is almost the same. This is due to the intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
Carboxylic acid molecules are very polar.
Easily soluble in water
More carboxylic acid solubility decreases with increase in the number of carbon atoms. The existence of branched chain causes diminishing solubility