HYDROCARBON

          In chemistry, a hydrocarbon is a compound composed of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen atoms (H). The entire chain hydrocarbons having carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded to the chain. The term is used also as a sense of aliphatic hydrocarbons.
          Hydrocarbons are the simplest alkane, a hydrocarbon that contains only single covalent bonds. Hydrocarbons are compounds whose molecular structure consists of hydrogen and carbon. The simplest molecule of the alkane is methane. Methane is a gas at standard temperature and pressure, is the main component of natural gas.
          Hydrocarbons can be classified according to a variety of carbon-carbon bonds they contain. Hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon single bond has called saturated hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons with two or more carbon atoms having two or three bonds called unsaturated hydrocarbons.

           Properties Hydrocarbons (Nature Chemistry / Reactions)

• Chemical properties (Reactions) 

1. Reactions of alkanes Alkanes react quite difficult substances, so-called paraffin or affinity which means small. The most important reaction of alkanes is combustion, substitution, and cracking (cracking). 

•  Complete combustion of alkane combustion produces CO2 and H2O. Incomplete combustion of alkanes produces CO and H2O.
•  Substitution or change of alkanes daapt hydrogen atoms replaced by other atoms, especially halogen. Replacement of the hydrogen atom by atom or another group called substitution reaction. One of the most important of the substitution reaction are halogenated alkanes, alkane hidrogena the replacement of atoms with halogen atoms, especially chlorine. Chlorination (replacement of hydrogen atoms by chlorine atoms) can occur if the alkane is reacted with chlorine.
•   cracking or breaking the chain of carbon atoms into pieces shorter. Alkane cracking can occur when heated at high temperature and pressure without oxygen. Cracking alkanes produces alkenes, this reaction sehinnga used to make alkenes. Cracking can also be used to create hydrogen gas from alkanes. 

   

• Properties Hydrocarbons (Physical Properties) 

          We distinguish the properties of substances into the physical and chemical properties. Physical properties of these substances include physical conditions, such as shape, melting and boiling point, color, flavor, and consistency.

1. Melting and boiling points greater relative molecular (the longer the carbon chain) of alkanes and alkenes, the higher melting point, boiling point, and density. At room temperature (25 degrees Celsius), C1-C4 gaseous, next tribes liquid, while the high tribes from (C18H38) are solid. The same trend applies to the alkyne.
2. All hydrocarbon solubility in water sparingly soluble in water. They are more soluble in nonpolar solvents such as tetraklorometana (CCl4).

Based on the structure and classification HYDROCARBON TYPES COVALENT BONDS BETWEEN CARBON ATOM.

     based on the form of chains of carbon, hydrocarbons are classified into three, namely:

•    hidrokarbon aliphatic

     - alkanes
     - alkenes
     - alkyne

•    hidrokarbon alicyclic

•    hidrokarbon aroma

     by type of bonding between atoms

•    hidrokarbon saturated

•    hidrokarbon unsaturated

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

         Organic chemistry is the scientific study of branching chemistry on the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds. Organic compounds are constructed mainly by carbon and hydrogen, and may contain other elements such as nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, halogens and sulfur.

          Organic chemistry as a science is generally agreed was initiated in 1828 with the organic synthesis of urea by Friedrich Woehler, who accidentally vaporize a solution of ammonium cyanate NH4OCN.

           Original definition of organic chemistry is derived from the misconception that all organic compounds must have come from living organisms, but it has been proved that there are some exceptions. In fact, life is also very dependent on inorganic chemistry, as an example, the enzyme is basing his work on transition metals such as iron and copper, as well as teeth and bone composition is a mixture of organic and inorganic senyama. Another example is the solution of HCl, this solution plays a major role in the process of digestion is almost all organisms (especially the higher organisms) using a solution of HCl to digest food, which is also classified in inorganic compounds. Regarding the element carbon, inorganic chemicals usually associated with the simple carbon compounds that do not contain bonds between carbon as oxides, salts, acids, acetylene, and minerals. But this does not mean that there is not a single carbon compounds in organic compounds such as methane and its derivatives.

         

IPK VS SUCCESS

High IPK Not Ensure Success?
GPA is the overall performance assessment mechanism of the students in the lecture system during the learning process. GPA stands for cumulative GPA. Is the cumulative value of IP (GPA), IP student achievement scores per semester, while the CPI is dikumulatifkan IP value. Assessment GPA has a scale from 0 to 4. Where the 0 is the lowest rating and 4 is the highest quality appraisals 0 = E 1 = D 2 = C 3 = B 4 = A. then multiply that value in Semester Credit Unit (SCU) subjects with a weight value; After everything is added together, then divide by the total credits taken in a semester.


I've followed the conclave deliberations BEM (Student Executive Board) at a college a few years ago, inspired by one of the students who denies any GPA requirement 3, 25 which is set according to the internal constitution of the student campus.

Exceptionable students also delivered my friend's very interesting, considering the capacity of participants to reach 50's people at the event showed high enthusiasm, plus some body president candidates highest on the internal organization of student organizations on campus are some of the cadres of internal and external college.

My friend exceptionable yangkira-issued statement about the essence of this kind, "for me, the GPA requirement was abolished, because there is no guarantee that candidates have a high GPA able to carry this organization forward and succeed and show the existence in the management later, although GPA 4.00 though, but there's a chance those with low GPA capable of doing such a thing, "he says.

After hearing the arguments the atmosphere of the room became silent for a moment and returned a debate, until the forum participants agreed that there should be a standardization of the CPI figures that students were able to demonstrate a balance GPA and organizational development. Dynamics fights perception is finally agreed figure forum GPA chairman candidate should be 3, 00 with considerations of objective and subjective.

From the above case frankly that what a friend of mine was given a contradictory perception, given the way an organization is at stake with the prospective student-led organization that will run the "government" in a college.

Not in this organization are the things that are at stake numbers on the pretext of credibility an institution, youth organizations, government agencies and companies.

But behind the above, many interesting stories to be studied, such as education requirements, social status, or character of a person. In advancing an institution, the attention of members and officers and steak holders an institution.

Given the Mind Set, academics, bureaucrats and politicians in this country need to look at the real reasons for what is experienced by many organizations from various viewpoints.


One reason for the comparison of the numbers does not necessarily guarantee success in a personal one, it is clearly visible when the power of creativity and effort from someone who shaped the real work can lead to different assumptions and assessments if the process can be carried out simultaneously, which means in practice and theory are Of course it can be very different.

So should we can understand the experience above, how many of them have a high GPA can only be a construction workers, janitors, and even turn away from what they had seen before. While other students are high GPA is not how it is able to become a businessman and a lot of new people incised achievements.

In essence, the size of the figures obtained only a subjective assessment only if it relates to the college with the ability to compete because there's only assessment in the form of communicative, argumentative, homework and exams are a little make refresifitas, so it does not produce a human being able to express what a real desire, and IPK will no longer should be a barometer to measure one's personal abilities. Well, it is definitely a high IPK does not guarantee success or the success of a person is not it?